Five socioeconomic indicators were included as SSDH: (1) Community Human Development Index (CHDI), (2) urban/rural location of the district, (3) school type, (4) caregiver’s education, and (5) family income (see Table 1 ).
CHDI is a local adjustment indicator created by the Chilean office of the United Nations Development Program [24 ]. CHDI estimates district-level development conceptualized as social advantage in the country and allows comparison between districts. Interpretation of this indicator is national; it cannot be used to compare across countries. To define location as urban or rural, we used the Chilean National Statistics Institute (INE) criteria, which defines a rural community as less than 1,000 inhabitants, or with less than 50% of the population working in secondary or tertiary occupational activities. School type is defined by the Chilean Ministry of Education as public, private subsidized (partially subsidized by the government), and private paid (not subsidized by the government).
Formal caregiver/parents’ education level was categorized as: primary (up to 8 years), secondary (8 to 12 years), and post-secondary (more than 12 years). Family income at the examination was considered as an ordinal variable of six categories, with the lowest category at the Chilean monthly minimum salary CLP $225,000 (approximately USD $300), and each category increasing in increments of CLP $500,000 (approximately USD $700).
CHDI is a local adjustment indicator created by the Chilean office of the United Nations Development Program [24 ]. CHDI estimates district-level development conceptualized as social advantage in the country and allows comparison between districts. Interpretation of this indicator is national; it cannot be used to compare across countries. To define location as urban or rural, we used the Chilean National Statistics Institute (INE) criteria, which defines a rural community as less than 1,000 inhabitants, or with less than 50% of the population working in secondary or tertiary occupational activities. School type is defined by the Chilean Ministry of Education as public, private subsidized (partially subsidized by the government), and private paid (not subsidized by the government).
Formal caregiver/parents’ education level was categorized as: primary (up to 8 years), secondary (8 to 12 years), and post-secondary (more than 12 years). Family income at the examination was considered as an ordinal variable of six categories, with the lowest category at the Chilean monthly minimum salary CLP $225,000 (approximately USD $300), and each category increasing in increments of CLP $500,000 (approximately USD $700).
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