The DN rat model was induced according to our previously published study [17 (link)]. DN was induced in the overnight fasted rats by a one-time intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) dissolved in citric acid buffer 40 mg/mL (pH 4.5, Sigma, St. Louis, USA) [17 (link),24 (link),25 (link)]. Rat blood glucose was maintained at 350 mg/dL by injection with insulin (0.4 unit/rat) and maintained for 12 weeks to establish the DN rat model successfully [17 (link),26 (link),27 (link)].
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