BMDMs untreated or infected with Desulfovibrio bacteria (Des-B) were cultured in DMEM (without phenol red; Gibco) without FBS for 6 h. Supernatants were collected and filtered with MILLEX-GP 0.22-μm filters (Merck Millipore Ltd., Co., Cork, Munster, Ireland) to remove cell debris, concentrated to 1% volume with Amicon Ultra-4 centrifugal ultrafiltration tubes (NMWL 3KDa) (Merck Millipore Ltd., Co.) (Xie et al., 2015 (link); Jin et al., 2017 (link); Chen et al., 2020 (link)), and detected the concentrations of mouse-derived TNF-α with ELISA kit (#YFXEM00031, Yifeixue Biotechnology, Nanjing, China).
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