3D volumetric temporal bone models, with segmented internal structures, taken from the VR simulator were prepared for printing using Meshmixer (Autodesk, San Rafael, Calif, USA) and FlashPrint (FlashForge 3D Printer, Jinhua City, China). Polylactic acid (PLA) was selected as the material to print the models, as a previous study showed it to have a similar appearance and physical likeness to human bone.13 (link) The models were printed in 2 colors using a Flashforge Dreamer 3D printer (FlashForge 3D Printer): white for the bone and pink for anatomical landmarks (dura, sigmoid sinus, facial nerve, and ossicles). When operating on 3D printed temporal bone (PTB) models, study participants were provided with a handheld surgical drill, irrigation, and a surgical microscope.
Protocol detail
3D-Printed Temporal Bone Models for Surgical Training
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Anatomical landmarks
Bone
Drill
Dura
Facial nerve
Human
Microscope
Physical
Polylactic acid
Sigmoid
Sinus
Surgical
Temporal bone
Corresponding Organization :
Other organizations : The Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Taunton & Somerset NHS Foundation Trust
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Variable analysis
independent variables
- 3D volumetric temporal bone models with segmented internal structures
- Participants' performance in operating on the 3D printed temporal bone (PTB) models
- Material used to print the models (polylactic acid, PLA, which has similar appearance and physical properties to human bone)
- Printing the models in 2 colors (white for bone, pink for anatomical landmarks)
- Providing participants with a handheld surgical drill, irrigation, and a surgical microscope when operating on the PTB models
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