Normal tumor-adjacent prostate tissues from the peripheral zone (PZ) were carefully selected from the surgically excised prostatectomy and cystoprostatectomy specimens, which were snap-frozen within 30 min of removal from the patients and stored at −80 °C. Matching formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 24 h at room temperature. Then, the tissues underwent serial dehydration with ethanol, followed by p-xylene cleaning, and paraffin infiltration, by a Leica ASP300S tissue processor (Leica Microsystems Inc., Buffalo Grove, IL). The FFPE sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) tissue stains using a Leica ST5010 Autostainer XL. All biospecimens were deidentified. The study pathologist (P. Murugan) reviewed the H&E stained FFPE sections for pathology markers associated with PC, such as atrophy, inflammation, and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and quantified the samples as mild, moderate, or severe. Specimens selected for DNA adduct measurements were from largely tumor-free tissue. The inflammation, atrophy, and HGPIN biomarkers were evaluated later. Prognostic variables, including Gleason score and tumor stage, were recorded from the pathology database in patients diagnosed with PC, and the PSA assay was conducted by chemiluminescence using a Siemens Vista analyzer.70 (link)-72 (link)