Serum samples from the chosen patients were allowed to defrost prior to biochemical analysis. HbA1c was analyzed directly using ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with commercially available reagents (D-10 Hemoglobin A1c Program #12000949) in a fully automated system (D-10 Hemoglobin Testing System #12010405, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Fasting serum insulin levels were analyzed using a Luminex multiplex system (Luminex Corp, Austin, TX, USA) and a commercially available kit, catalog no. HINS-MAG. The intra-assay % CV was <10 and the inter-assay % CV was <15, according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were analyzed regularly using commercially purchased kits (catalog nos. 981812, 981379, 981823 and 981301, respectively) and an automated biochemical analyzer (Konelab 20 Thermo Fischer, Espoo, Finland), as we described previously [23 (link)].
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