Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed in the BRIDGES cohort using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 system. Library preparation was performed using Nimblegen SeqCap EZ Exome (RareBLISS and KPNC) or Agilent SureSelect Human All Exon v2 kit (Sweden), and whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed using Illumina HiSeq 2000 or 2500 systems in RareBLISS, Sweden, and KPNC. Paired sequence reads were aligned to the human reference build hg19 using BWA 39 . Variant calling was performed using the GotCloud sequence analysis pipeline 40 (link) for WGS data in BRIDGES, and joint variant calling was performed using the Genome Analysis ToolKit (GATK) 41 (link) for WES data within each of RareBLISS, Sweden, and KPNC. Genotypes with low sequence coverage or poor call quality were removed. Samples that were identified as population outliers, duplicates or relatives, or that failed study-specific sequencing metrics were removed. Variants with high missingness across samples, poor average genotyping quality, or found to significantly deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were removed. A full description of sequencing and data quality control is provided in supplemental materials.