For each subject, sampling sessions included whole blood collection, passive saliva and exhaled breath condensate collection (41 (link)). Briefly, venous blood was collected in 3mL, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-treated (EDTA) tubes (BD Vacutainer) from either the left or right median cubital vein and centrifuged immediately for plasma retrieval. Saliva was collected passively, meaning it was not spit or expectorated but allowed to pool, into sterile 15mL conical centrifuge tubes (Falcon) held against the lips. Rtubes (Respiratory Research), disposable exhaled breath condensers, were used to collect roughly ~2mL of exhaled breath condensate. Biological samples from each matrix were aliquoted into microcentrifuge tubes and stored at −80°C within 20 minutes of collection. Metabolomic analyses were conducted within four months of collection.