Vessels were incubated with various inhibitors for 30 minutes prior to conducting PE, ACh or SNP response curves. NO synthase inhibitor, NW-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME 100 μM; Sigma Aldrich), NADPH oxidase was inhibited by a non-specific inhibitor (Apocynin 100 μM) and a specific and novel inhibitor, 3-Benzyl-7-(2-benzoxazolyl)thio-1,2,3-triazolo(4,5-d)pyrimidine (VAS2870 10 μM; both from Sigma Aldrich St. Louis, MO). 1H-[2 (link),12 (link),55 (link)] Oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ 10 μM; Sigma Aldrich St. Louis, MO), a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, was also incubated with some vessels for 30 minutes prior to usage of PE, ACh or SNP. To protect against the potential deleterious effects of ROS, separate vessels, ex vivo, were incubated for 30 minutes with an antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC 20 mM; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and the above myograph procedure was conducted as described above.