Blood stage parasite infections were conducted in female Swiss mice (6–8 weeks old, from Janvier). Sporozoite infections were performed in female C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks old, from Janvier). We used the reference rodent malaria parasite strains P. berghei ANKA (clone 15cy1) and P. yoelii 17XNL (clone 1.1). Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were infected by feeding on anesthetised infected mice using standard methods of mosquito infection27 (link). P. berghei- and P. yoelii-infected mosquitoes were kept at 21°C and 24°C, respectively, and fed daily on 10% sucrose. After 21 to 28 days (for P. berghei) or 14 to 18 days (for P. yoelii), the salivary glands of the mosquitoes were collected by hand-dissection and homogenized to collect sporozoites. HepG2 cells (ATCC HB-8065) were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and antibiotics, as described28 (link).