Transverse paraffin-embedded kidney sections (7 μm) were immunostained for HIF1α as described (23 (link)) with primary antibody binding detected using biotinylated rabbit anti-mouse (Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA). Contiguous sections were also immunostained for HIF2α by replacing the anti-HIF1α antibody with an anti-HIF2α antibody (Novus Biologicals, Cambridge, United Kingdom). Isotype-matched IgG was used as a negative control. Images of immunostained sections were captured in a blinded fashion using a light microscope and mounted camera (M165FC and DFC310FX; Leica, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom). Positive staining was quantified as previously described (24 (link), 25 (link)) and expressed as average percentage of transverse tissue area throughout the length of the tissue.
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