Blood samples were processed and refrigerated. The samples were transported on the day of the survey to the designated central laboratory of Neodin Medical Institute (NMI), a laboratory certified by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare in Seoul, Korea. Blood samples were analyzed within 24 hours after transport. Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured by radioimmunoassay methods with a WIZARD 1470 Gamma Counter (PerkinElmer, Finland) and a Gamma Counter (Hewlett Packard, USA) in the 4th and 5th KNHANES, respectively [19 (link)]. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a level of <20 ng/ml as per the recent guidelines proposed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM).
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