Maintenance and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (provided by Dr. Howard Green) (23 (link)) were carried out as described previously (24 (link)). Deferoxamine (DFO) (Sigma-Aldrich, D-9533) was freshly diluted in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), and added to the culture medium at the indicated concentrations. Stock solutions of PIK-III (Selleck Biotech, S7683), bafilomycin A1 (Cayman Chemical Company, 11038), and 2,2’-bipyridyl (FUJIFILM Wako, 042–04241) were prepared by diluting them in dimethyl sulfide (DMSO) at 10, 1 and 100 mM, respectively and added to the medium at the indicated concentrations, where final DMSO concentrations were 0.01%, 0.01% and 0.02%, respectively. Oil red-O (ORO) staining was performed as described previously (25 (link)), and photographed with a GT-X980 scanner (EPSON) and an inverted microscope Primovert (Zeiss). The cell number counting assay was performed at the indicated time points during adipocyte differentiation by detaching cells using 0.25% trypsin (FUJIFILM Wako, 200-13953), 0.75 mg/ml collagenase (FUJIFILM Wako, 17105-041), and 0.5 mg/ml Dispase II (Thermo Fisher, 17105-041) in DMEM.
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