Laminarin (L9634, Sigma-Aldrich), an inhibitor of Dectin-1, was dissolved in normal saline. In the in vivo experiments, Laminarin was first administered at 1 h after surgery by intraperitoneal injection and then once a day for the next 3 days. Based on previous studies,23 (link),29 (link) in the experiments of neurobehavioral function tests and brain water content measurement, three doses (50 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 450 mg/kg) of Laminarin were evaluated to obtain the optimum dose. LPS, a prominent cell wall component of gram-negative bacteria, is a strong stimulator of microglial activation.30 (link),31 (link) Therefore, LPS was used to activate microglia to induce neuroinflammation in this study. Thus, in the in vitro experiments, the optimal dose of Laminarin and LPS was based on previous studies.23 (link),32 (link) Then, microglia were treated with Laminarin (300 μg/mL) for 1 h and then exposed to LPS (1 μg/mL).