The eyes were enucleated and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, and the whole retina was isolated and incubated in 3% crude trypsin (Gibco, Grand Island, NY) containing 200mM sodium fluoride at 37°C for 45–70 minutes. The neuroretinal tissue was gently brushed away under a microscope, and the vasculature was stained with terminal deoxyribonucleotide TUNEL using an In Situ Cell Death Kit (Cat. No. 11684795910, Roche Molecular Biochemicals). As a positive control, retinal vasculature treated with DNAse was also stained with TUNEL. The TUNEL-positive capillary cells were counted under a fluorescence microscope, and the microvasculature was then stained with periodic acid Schiff-hematoxylin to count acellular capillaries by light microscopy [22 (link), 26 (link)].