Immunodetection of 4-HNE adducts was conducted as previously described (Roychowdhury et al., 2009b (link)). Liver tissue was formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded, after which it was sectioned and mounted. Immunohistochemistry was then performed using rabbit antisera against 4-HNE (Alpha diagnostic 1:100). Following primary incubation, sections were conjugated using Vectastain Elite Rabbit IgG Kit (Vector Labs) and visualized using DAB substrate chromogen. Following development, slides were then counterstained using Gill’s hematoxylin (Vector labs). Images were acquired on a 20X objective by a blinded investigator.