Western blotting was carried out as previously described5 (link) using rabbit antibodies against the following proteins: IR (1:800), IRS-1 (1:800), p-AKT (1:800), GSK-3β (S9) (all 1:800), or glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (1:10,000) (all from Bioworld, San Diego, CA, USA); GAPDH was used as an internal reference standard. Secondary antibodies were peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L) (ZSGB-BIO, Beijing, China).
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