Whole knee joints (n = 5) were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, decalcified, paraffin-embedded, and sectioned at 6 μm thickness for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation. The sections were stained with saffron O (Solarbio, Beijing, China), hematoxylin-eosin (Solarbio), or saffron O/solid green (Solarbio) to reveal histological changes in the cartilage. Cartilage destruction severity was graded according to the modified Mankin [40 (link)] and Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) [41 (link)] scoring systems (scoring criteria are provided in Tables S2 and S3).
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