Reconstructing Anuran Cranial Morphology

We reconstructed and processed meshes from microCT scans of crania for 173 anuran species, including representatives from all extant frog families and the mummified Eocene Thaumastosaurus gezei^{107 (link)} (Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 5). A recent phylogenetic analysis suggests Thaumastosaurus gezei is a ranoid with African affinities^{107 (link)}, nested within the Natatanura clade from Frost et al.¹⁰⁸ . Although complete, undeformed 3D fossil material for anurans is limited, inclusion of any fossils increases our temporal sampling and has been demonstrated to improve estimates of evolutionary rate^{109 (link),110 (link)}. Meshes from microCT scans were created in Avizo Lite 9 (FEI Visualisation Sciences Group, Burlington, MA, USA) and VG Studio MAX¹¹¹ and processed in Geomagic Wrap 2017 (3D Systems, Rock Hill, South Carolina, USA) to remove noise and small surface foramina, as previously described¹¹² . Scan information can be found in Supplementary Data 1.