A549 cells, pulmonary adenocarcinoma derived cell line [18 (link)], purchased directly from Sigma- Aldrich (catalog number 86012804) and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium (DMEM), (Biological Industries, Beit Haemek, Israel) with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100 mg/ml streptomycin, under a humidified atmosphere (5% CO2 plus 95% air) at 37°C. Treatments included 2%, 4% and 10% CSE. LPS was added to the cultures to stimulate COPD exacerbation condition [6 (link)].
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