The procedures for nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and 3′‐diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining followed the description by Zhang et al. (2011 (link)). The electrolyte leakage rate, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and peroxidase (POD) activity were determined as described by Zang et al. (2017 (link)). The chlorophyll content was determined according to the method of Brennan and Frenkel (1977 (link)). H2O2 levels were measured using a Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Content Assay Kit (Jiancheng Biotech, Nanjing, China). Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activity were measured using an APX Activity Assay Kit and Catalase (CAT) Activity Assay Kit (Micro method; Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), respectively. Each sample contained at least 10 seedlings, and each experiment had three biological replicates.