MyD88 and Smad7 expression were determined by Western blot using antibodies to MyD88 (1:200) or Smad7 (1:300; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) using our previously-described protocol25 (link). Blots were probed with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies 1:5,000–1:10,000 in blocking buffer for 1 h, and bands were detected using the chemiluminescent method (SuperSignal West Dura, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA). Blots were stripped and re-probed with anti-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) to ensure equal loading.