Energy expenditure was measured using an indirect calorimeter (Oxylet, Panlab, Cornella, Spain). The mice were placed in individual metabolic chambers at 25 °C with free access to food and water. O2 and CO2 analyzers were calibrated using high-purity gases. O2 consumption (VO2) and CO2 production (VCO2) were recorded at 3 min intervals using computer-assisted data acquisition software (Chart 5.2; AD Instrument, Sydney, Australia) over a 24 h period, and the data were averaged for each mouse. Energy expenditure (EE) was calculated using the following formula [34 (link)]:
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