The main goal of this study was to further examine the effects of odor cueing on memory consolidation. To serve this objective, four different conditions were tested. The conditions differed in the application of rose odor during learning, testing and sleep (see table in Fig. 1 ). The N Condition (N o odor) was the control condition in which no odor was applied in any phase. The median age of participants in this condition was 24 with a range between 18 and 33 years, 9 participants were males. In the LS (odor during L earning and S leep; participants’ median age was 25 with a range between 19 and 34 years, 8 male) and LT Condition (odor during L earning and T esting; participants’ median age was 25 with a range between 19 and 35 years, 10 male), participants received odor during learning and either during sleep (LS) or during testing (LT). Participants of the LST Condition (L earning, S leep and T esting; participants’ median age was 23 with a range between 18 and 31 years, 8 male) received rose odor during learning, testing, and sleep. Importantly, in Conditions LT and LST the odor cues were presented during Intermediate Tests–within the Learning Period–as well as during the final tests in the Final Test Period.![]()
Experimental setup. Day 1 consisted of 2 Leaning Sessions, with one Learning Session consisting of a learning part which was followed by a testing part. Day 2, 3 and 4 started with the SFA questionnaire (Q). On day 2 and 3, the questionnaire was followed by the Learning Session, which started with the testing part and was followed by the learning part (order is switched compared to day 1). On day 4 the Final Test period started after the questionnaire with the first Final Test. Participants conducted Final Tests on day 4, day 10 and on day 31. The table with pictograms on the bottom left summarizes the four experimental conditions. The icons therein are adopted from Neumann et al. (2020).
Free full text: Click here
