Protein extraction and western blot analysis was performed as previously described [14 (link), 20 (link)]. The following antibodies were used: anti-phospho IGF-1Rβ(Tyr1135/1136)/Insulin Receptorβ(Tyr1150/1151), anti-total Insulin Receptorβ and total IGF-1Rβ (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) and anti-β-actin (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) at concentrations detailed in electronic supplementary material (ESM) Table 1. Western blots were imaged and quantified by densitometry after incubation with LI-COR IRdye secondary antibodies with a LI-COR scanner and LI-COR Image Studio software (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA).