Post-extraction DNA was digested with 45U Xbal (Takara Biotech) for 2 hours at 37°C. We used CHEFDRIII apparatus (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) to perform PFGE for K. pneumoniae isolates as previously described.23 (link) PCR assay was performed to amplify internal portions of the seven housekeeping genes of K. pneumoniae (gapA, infB, mdh, pgi, phoE, rpoB, and tonB) with specific primers.24 (link) Amplified products were sequenced from private enterprise (Sangon Biotech-Shanghai, China http://www.pasteur.fr/recherche/genopole/PF8/mlst/Kpneumoniae) and were referred to assign sequence types (STs).