The activity of caspases was detected as previously described [58 (link)]. Cells were incubated with lysis buffer (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) for 10 min on ice. Total protein (100 μg) was incubated with 2X reaction buffer and a substrate of the colorimetric tetrapeptide, including DEVD-pNA for caspase-3, IETD-pNA for caspase-8, and LEHD-pNA for caspase-9. The reaction mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 2 h, and the enzyme-catalyzed release of p-nitroaniline was measured at 405 nm using a multi-well reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
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