Cecal digesta (∼150 mg) collected from rats were weighed and diluted at 1:3 (w/w) with deionized water containing 1.68 mM heptanoic acid/L as an internal standard (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, United States). Acetate, butyrate, propionate, and the total SCFA (including minor SCFA) were measured using a gas chromatography (GC) system based on our previous published methods (Wang et al., 2017 (link)).
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