This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of China Medical University Hospital (CSMUH: No: CS13250). HNC tissues were resected from two HNC patients who gave informed consent for the use of their tissues that were harvested at the surgery. To identify and ALDH1+CD44+ HNC-TICs and ALDH1-CD44- non-TICc, we stained cancer cells with ALDEFLUOR™ assay kit (StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada) and anti-CD44 antibody conjugated to phycoerythrin (BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA) followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting using FACSAria II cell sorter (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA). Smulow–Glickman (S-G) human gingival epithelial cells were originally derived from human attached gingiva [33 (link)].
Genistein (G-6649; Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) and anti-oxidant NAC (N-acetyl-l-cysteine) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Genistein was dissolved in DMSO as a stock solution and diluted in culture medium to final concentrations (10–80 μM) prior to use.
Genistein (G-6649; Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA) and anti-oxidant NAC (N-acetyl-l-cysteine) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Genistein was dissolved in DMSO as a stock solution and diluted in culture medium to final concentrations (10–80 μM) prior to use.
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