Cell invasion ability was evaluated by using a BioCoat Matrigel (Becton Dickinson Biosciences, Bedford, MA, USA) and Millicell invasion chamber (Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA) [26 (link),27 (link)]. The Matrigel was first coated onto the membrane of the Millicell upper chamber with a pore size of 8 μm in a 24-well plate. Cells in 1% FBS medium were seeded into the upper chamber. The lower chamber will contained 10% FBS in medium to trap invading cells. The invasion ability was determined by observing the reverse side of the upper chamber after being fixed and stained with crystal violet.
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