The concentrations of D-fructose, D-allulose, D-tagatose, and D-sorbose were analyzed in HPLC equipped with a refractive index detector (RID-20A, Shimadzu, Japan). Standard HPLC analysis was carried out by using the Ca2+-carbohydrate column (300 × 7.7 mm) (HPLX-Ca, Agilent USA) with 20 μL sample injections (Zhang et al., 2020a (link)). The samples were eluted by using milli pore pure water at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and 84°C.
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