Human gastric cancer MKN45 cells and MKN28 cells (RIKEN, Japan), AGS cells (ATCC, Manassas, VA), SGC-7901 cells and mouse gastric cancer MFC cells (Cell Bank, Shanghai), human colon cancer SW620 cells and human liver cancer cells HepG2 (ATCC, Manassas, VA), were maintained in RPMI-1640 media containing 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Gibco BRL). BMFs (EGFP+) that were freshly isolated from gastric dysplastic tissues of IL-1β transgenic mice 29 (link) transplanted with EGFP+ bone marrow according to our previous method 25 (link). All cell lines were tested for mycoplasma by a PCR method (Stratagene), and all cell lines were mycoplasma negative. BMFs within 12 generations were used. JSI-124 and NSC33994 (JAK2 inhibitor), crizotinib (c-Met inhibitor) and SB-505124 (TGF-β1 type I receptor inhibitor) were purchased from Sigma and Tocris (R&D Systems), dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and stored at −20°C. Human (h) and mouse (m) recombinant (r) IL-6 and HGF purchased from Peprotech (Rocky Hill,NJ). The anti-mouse IL-6 neutralizing antibody (Cat. MAB406) and anti-human TGF-β1 antibody (Cat. MAB7364) neutralizing antibodies were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, Indiana).