The Sircol collagen assay (Biocolor Ltd., Carrickfergus, Northern Ireland) was used to measure newly synthesized collagen as a marker of fibrosis. The assay was performed in rat lungs at 210 days after 13 Gy as described previously (Gao et al. 2012 (link), Gao et al. 2013b (link), Kma et al. 2012 (link)). Collagen content in test samples were normalized by the lung wet weight and expressed as “collagen (μg)/wet weight (mg)”. Lung samples from 4 survivors after 13 Gy WTI only chosen at random from a separate experiment were added to increase the sample size to n=6 as seen in Figure 8. All Sircol assays (n=6 for 13 Gy WTI and n=6 for 13 Gy+30 Gy skin) were performed at the same time along with known collagen standards.