RNA extraction and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) were carried out using procedures that we had previously described (12 (link)). Briefly, total RNA was extracted using a PureLink RNA minikit (Life Technologies). DNase (Ambion)-treated RNA samples were analyzed on a denaturing formaldehyde agarose gel for assessing purity, quality, and concentration. A SuperScript III cDNA synthesis kit (Life Technology) was used for the first-strand cDNA synthesis following the manufacturer’s protocols. Constitutively expressed housekeeping gene TEF1 was used as an endogenous control for the normalization of expression of the other genes studied.
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