Antibodies are rabbit polyclonal or mouse monoclonal (mAb), unless specified. From Covance: mAb anti-HA conjugated to fluorescein-isothiocyanate (cat# FITC-101L; 1:50 dilution) and mAb anti-HA (#MMS-101R; 1:500 IB and 1:100 IF); from BD Biosciences: mAb anti-Orc4 (#611171; 1:500); from BD Transductions: mAb anti-Cdk2 (#610146; 1:500); from Cell Signaling: mAb anti-Histone H4 (#2935; 1:500), anti-Mcm3 (#4012; 1:200), anti-Mcm4 (#12973; 1:500), anti-Smad2 (#5339; 1:1000), and rabbit monoclonal anti-Smad3 (#9523; 1:200); from Invitrogen: anti-BrdU-Alexa488 (#B35130; 1:20) and anti-BrdU-Alexa594 (#B35132; 1:20); from Calbiochem: anti-Rb (#PC13 ; 1:500); from Millipore: rabbit monoclonal anti-Smad4 (#04–1033; 1:750); from Santa Cruz Biotechnology: mAb anti-Mcm6 (#sc-55577; 1:200), mAb anti-Mcm7 (#sc-9966; 1:1000), anti-Cdc6 (#sc-8341; 1:300), anti-Cdc6-serine54P (#sc-12920R; 1:500), anti-CycE (agarose-conjugated; #sc-481; 1:20), mAb anti-Cyclin E (#sc-377100; 1:100),and anti-Cdt1 (#sc-28262; 1:300); from Sigma: mAb anti-Actin (#A5316; 1:5000); anti-Mcm2 (1:1000) was generated by our group and validated previously (27 (link)); anti-Mcm5 (1:2000) was provided by Rolf Knippers (University of Konstanz, Germany); anti-Myc (1:3000) was provided by Steve Hann (Vanderbilt University); anti-HBO1 (1:200) was provided by Masayoshi Iizuka (Teikyo University School of Medicine).