Fluorescent Reporter Assay Conditions

β–estradiol (E2758, MilliporeSigma) was dissolved in H₂O and added at a final concentration of 1 μM. CuSO₄ (C1297, MilliporeSigma) was dissolved in H₂O and added at a final concentration of 0.5 mM. D-luciferin potassium salt (LUCK, GoldBio) was freshly dissolved in appropriate yeast media at a final concentration of 0.5 mM. Dorsomorphin (S7840, Selleck Chemicals; 11967, Cayman Chemical) dissolved in DMSO was added to RPE-1 cells at the final concentration of 10 μM for 24 hours (66 (link)). AICAR was dissolved in DMSO (S1802, Selleck Chemicals) and added at the final concentration of 2 mM for 48 hours in the FlucDM experiment, or dissolved directly in media at the concentration of 2 mM (10010241, Cayman Chemical) for the FUS^P525L experiment (67 (link)). MG132 (C2211, MilliporeSigma) was dissolved in DMSO and added to YEP-based medium at a final concentration of 80 μM.