To confirm the correlation between the virus, Rap1b, and/or the cytoskeleton, or their relationship after treatments with chemicals or plasmids in HSV-1-infected cells, target-protein-specific primary antibodies, fluorescent-labeled secondary antibodies, or a fluorescently labeled chemical (phalloidin) were applied in IFA as previously described [26 (link),31 (link)]. Cell climbing sheets and cell plates were observed with a Leica SP8 confocal system (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany). All images were captured and processed using Leica Application Suite X (Leica Microsystems).
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