Genotyping was at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center using the Illumina Immuno-BeadChip array as previously described (2 (link), 19 (link)). All human subjects were homozygous non-risk for the 3 common CD-associated NOD2 variants (tagged by rs2066842-GG, rs2066844-GG, rs2066845-CC. rs5743293-DD) and then stratified by ATG16L1 CD-associated T300A variant status dividing the study subjects into those that were either homozygous non-risk or homozygous risk (as defined by rs2241880). Written informed consent was received from participants prior to inclusion in the study. All study subjects were identified by number and not by name, had not used antibiotics for at least 6 months. Stool, blood samples, and genetic data were obtained from Material and Information Resources for Inflammatory And Digestive Diseases (MIRIAD) IBD Biobank and approved under IRB #3358 and #Pro00027495.