TOC and TN were measured using an Elementar Vario EL cube EA with decarbonated samples following the method of Chen et al. (47 ). Quality control checks were performed on every 10th sample, including sample duplicates, analysis of certified reference materials (acetanilide), and analysis of blanks. The measurement precision was better than ±0.1 wt % for TOC and ±0.3 wt % for TN.