Cell invasion assay was performed as previously described [22 (link)]. Briefly, the upper chamber of the trans-well membrane was coached with Matrix gel (BD). MCF-7-CT45A1 breast cancer cells were pre-treated with SP1 and SULF2 inhibitors for 72 hours. The cells were counted, and alive cells re-suspend in serum-free DMEM without inhibitors and 2 × 104 cells were seeded into the upper chamber in 200 μL medium. Then 500 μL DMEM (10% FBS) was added to the low chamber and cultured for 24 hours. The cells on bottom of the membrane of the chamber were stained by Wright-Giemsa solution and photographed. Three randomly chosen fields were analyzed for each trans-well.