The P-E loops of PMN-PT were measured using a Radiant Technologies Precision Premier II system. The strain properties were measured using a strain gauge glued on the PMN-PT58 (link). XRD with in situ electric fields was characterized by a Rigaku SmartLab 3 kW X-ray diffractometer with a Cu Kα radiation. The morphology was characterized by atomic force microscopy using a commercial scanning probe microscope system (Multimode 8 SPM, Bruker).
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