Human BMSCs were inoculated at 2.5–4 × 104/cm2 in 24-well plates. When the culture reached 100% confluence, the medium was changed to the Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenic Differentiation Basal Medium complemented with 10% FBS, 1% Penicillin-streptomycin, 1% Glutamine, 0.2 mM ascorbate, 10 mM β-glycerophosphate, and 0.1 μM dexamethasone (all from Cyagen Biosciences Inc.). Media were changed every two days and the cells were cultured for 14–21 days. The calcium accumulation was assessed using alizarin red sulfate (AR-S; Cyagen Biosciences Inc.) staining and quantified as described previously [12 (link)].
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