Data was processed according to the guideline provided by the Class Prediction with Agilent Mass Profiler Professional (Manual part number: 5991-1911EN). The steps included MassHunter Qualitative Analysis and Mass Hunter Profinder to identify untargeted and targeted (recursive) features in the sample data files. This analysis included extraction of molecular features, subtraction of background noise, filtering of data, statistical analysis, database search, and alignment. A compound exchange format file (.CEF) was created for each sample, and downstream analysis was performed using Mass Profiler Professional (MPP) (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA USA). METLIN Personal Metabolitedatabase28 (link) was then used to identify endogenous and exogenous metabolites.