After the clinical interview, the participants were in a prone position on an examination table. Experienced orthopedist (N.T.) performed physical examinations as previously reported with some modifications to assess the localization diagnosis of LBP [6 (link)]. The tender point of the lumbar area where the participants usually feel pain was determined by palpation. A rater performed posterior-anterior spring palpation by palm over each of the following four areas. The location of LBP was categorized into four areas: A. midline of the lumbar region, B. paravertebral muscles, C. upper buttock, and D. sacroiliac joint (Fig 1 ).
The midline of the lumbar region (A) is the median part of the spinal column. Paravertebral muscles (B) were those on the right and/or left sides of the spinal column where the erector spine muscles are located. The upper buttock (C) is the area around and immediately above the posterior iliac crest. The sacroiliac joint (D) is around the posterior-superior iliac spine (PSIS).
The midline of the lumbar region (A) is the median part of the spinal column. Paravertebral muscles (B) were those on the right and/or left sides of the spinal column where the erector spine muscles are located. The upper buttock (C) is the area around and immediately above the posterior iliac crest. The sacroiliac joint (D) is around the posterior-superior iliac spine (PSIS).
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