Dehydrated peptone, de Man, Rogosa & Sharpe (MRS) broth and MRS agar (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) were prepared according to label instructions prior to sterilization. Powdered SPI (ProFam 646, Archer Daniels Midland Company, Chicago, IL, USA) and Powdered WPI (ISOPURE, The Isopure company, Downers Grove, IL, USA) were dissolved in reverse osmosis water to yield 9% suspensions that were stored at 4 °C for 24 h prior to any UHPH or culture suspension in order to ensure full hydration of the powders and provide a sufficiently low inlet temperature during processing. A pure culture sample of Lactobacillus plantarum, (NRRL B-1927 aka ATCC 10241) originally isolated from sauerkraut and frequently identified as a probiotic [19 (link),20 (link),21 (link)], was obtained from the USDA-ARS Culture collection (Peoria, IL, USA) and used to propagate all cultures used in this study.
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