Viral RNA was extracted using a Miracle-AutoXT Automated Nucleic Acid Extraction System (iNtRON Biotechnology, Seongnam, Korea). To identify subtypes, qRT-PCR was conducted using the TOPrealâ„¢ One-step RT qPCR Kit (Enzynomics, Daejeon, Korea) with influenza-specific primers as previously described [35 (link)]. Species identification was performed using mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase I mitochondrial gene in the DNA of fecal samples, as previously described [36 (link)].
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