Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to introduce mutations into the exact copy of BTV-1 S5(VP5) or S7 (VP7) (pUC19BTV1T7S5 or pUC19BTV1T7S7) complementary DNA plasmid for virus recovery assay, as previously described14 (link),20 (link),29 (link). Briefly, BTV RNA transcripts were generated from the digested cDNA plasmid clones using a mMACHINE T7 transcription kit (Thermo Fisher). A monolayer of BSR cell (BHK-21 subclone) in six-well plates at 100% confluence was transfected with a mixture of ten different BTV RNA transcripts using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent. At 4 h posttransfection, the medium was replaced with a 6-ml overlay consisting of minimal essential medium, 2% FBS and 1.5% (w/v) agarose. Then the plates were incubated at 35 °C in 5% CO2 for 72 h to allow plaques to appear.