High resolution transmission electron microscopy (Talos F200S G2, Thermo Scientific) was employed to analyze the morphology and size of RBCQDs with an acceleration voltage set at 200 kV. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (Nicolet iS50, Thermo Scientific) was used to investigate the infrared absorption spectra of ginsenoside Rb1, anhydrous ethylenediamine, and RBCQDs, with samples prepared using a potassium bromide pellet method. X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (Nexsa G2, Thermo Scientific) was utilized to analyze ginsenoside Rb1 and RBCQDs with a 300 W Al K radiation source. The fluorescence spectrometer (F-4700, HITACHI) was employed to evaluate the 3D fluorescence characteristics of RBCQDs. NanoBrook 90Plus PALS (BROOKHAVEN) was used for determining the hydrodynamic diameter and potential of RBCQDs.
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