The following reagents were purchased from the indicated manufacturers: Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen); puromycin (Thermo); Dual-specific luciferase assay kit (Promega); SYBR (BIO-RAD); polybrene (Millipore); MTT (MedChemExpress); ELISA kit for human IFN-β and TNF-α (4A Biotech); mouse antibodies against Flag and β-actin (Sigma), His and HA (OriGene), MyC (9B11), and IKKβ (8943S) (Cell Signaling Technology); rabbit monoclonal antibodies against HA, phosphor-IKKα (Ser176)/β (Ser177) (2078S) (Cell Signaling Technology), phosphor TBK1 (ab109272) and TBK1 (ab40676) (Abcam); and rabbit polyclonal antibodies against MAVS (Bethyl). HEK293, HeLa and HEK293T cells were purchased from ATCC. HEK293 cells stably expressing ACE2 (HEK293-ACE2) were obtained by lentiviral transduction. SeV (Cantell strain) was obtained as previously described.40 (link) SARS-CoV-2 (IVCAS 6.7512) was isolated from BALF collected from a patient with viral pneumonia in December 2019 in Wuhan, China.41 (link) Isolated viral particles were propagated in Vero E6 cells.42 (link) HEK293-ACE2 cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 in a biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory (Wuhan).
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