Human osteosarcoma (HOS, SAOS-2, 143B and U2OS) and the human osteoblast cell line hFOB1.19 were obtained from the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. HOS, SAOS-2, 143B and U2OS cells were cultured using RPMI-1640 medium (HyClone; Cytiva) and hFOB1.19 cells were cultivated in DMEM (HyClone; Cytiva) in a humid atmosphere with 5% CO2 at 37˚C. All media were mixed with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).